Fundamental Rights :part 3

1. Right Against Exploitation (Articles 23–24)
Article 23 – Prohibition of Human Trafficking and Forced Labour
Scope: Applies to all persons (citizens & non-citizens).
Prohibits:
Forced labour (begar)
Human trafficking (men, women, children)
Prostitution and Devadasi system
Slavery
Legal Enforcement: Immoral Traffic (Prevention) Act, 1956
Article 24 – Prohibition of Child Labour
Children below 14: Cannot be employed in hazardous occupations (factories, mines).
Adolescents (14–18): Prohibited from hazardous jobs.
Legal Enforcement: Child & Adolescent Labour (Prohibition and Regulation) Act, 1986 (amended 2016)

2. Right to Freedom of Religion (Articles 25–28)
Article 25 – Freedom of Conscience, Profession, Practice & Propagation
Available to: Citizens & non-citizens
Components:
Conscience: Choice to follow or not follow a religion
Profess: Declare religious beliefs freely
Practice: Perform rituals, worship, and religious ceremonies
Propagate: Spread religion peacefully (no forcible conversion)
Limitations: Public order, morality, health, and social reform (e.g., banning sati, bigamy)
Article 26 – Freedom to Manage Religious Affairs
Every religious denomination can:
Establish and maintain institutions for religious/charitable purposes
Manage its own religious affairs
Own and administer property
Subject to public order, morality, and health
Article 27 – Freedom from Taxation for Promotion of Religion
No citizen shall be compelled to pay taxes for the promotion of any religion
Prohibits government from favouring or supporting any religion
Article 28 – Freedom from Attending Religious Instruction
No religious instruction in state-funded schools
Not applicable to schools under private trust/endowment
Minor requires guardian consent

3. Cultural and Educational Rights (Articles 29–30)
Article 29 – Protection of Interests of Minorities
Protects distinct language, script, and culture of any section of citizens
No citizen can be denied admission in educational institutions on religion, race, caste, or language
Covers religious, linguistic, and cultural minorities; not restricted to minorities only
Article 30 – Right of Minorities to Establish & Administer Educational Institutions
Minorities can:
Establish and manage educational institutions of their choice
Retain rights even if state acquires property (with compensation)
Institutions cannot face discrimination by the state
Protection confined only to minorities, unlike Article 29