Fundamental Rights :part 2

Right to Freedom (Articles 19–22)

1. Article 19 – Six Freedoms for Citizens
Provides six fundamental freedoms to all citizens:
Freedom of Speech and Expression
Express views, beliefs, and opinions freely through speech, writing, printing, pictures, or any other medium.
Freedom to Assemble Peaceably and Without Arms
Right to hold meetings, demonstrations, and processions on public land.
Does not cover violent, disorderly, or riotous assemblies.
Freedom to Form Associations or Unions
Includes forming political parties, companies, partnerships, societies, trade unions, or other organizations.
Freedom of Movement
Internal: Move freely within India.
External: Right to leave India and return (linked with Article 21).
Restrictions may apply in tribal areas to protect culture and traditional property.
Freedom to Reside and Settle Anywhere in India
Right to reside in any state; restrictions may apply in certain areas for cultural protection.
Freedom to Practice Any Profession or Occupation
Includes trade, business, or profession.
Excludes immoral or dangerous activities (e.g., trafficking, drugs, explosives).

2. Article 20 – Protection in Respect of Conviction for Offences
Applies to all persons (citizens, foreigners, and legal entities):
No conviction except for violation of existing law at the time of the act.
No double jeopardy (cannot be tried twice for the same offence).
No self-incrimination (cannot be forced to testify against oneself).

3. Article 21 – Protection of Life and Personal Liberty
Applies to all persons: 
No person shall be deprived of life or personal liberty except by procedure established by law.
Right to life includes human dignity, not just survival.
Article 21A: Free and compulsory elementary education (ages 6–14).
Added by 86th Constitutional Amendment (2002).
Before this, Article 45 in Part IV provided for free education.

4. Article 22 – Protection Against Arrest and Detention
Covers both citizens and aliens. Two types of detention:
Punitive Detention (after conviction)
Rights include:
Being informed of the grounds of arrest
Right to consult a lawyer
Production before magistrate within 24 hours (excluding travel time)
Release unless magistrate orders further detention
Preventive Detention (without trial)
Maximum 3 months unless an advisory board (high court judges) approves extension.
Detention grounds must be communicated.
Detenu has the right to make a representation against the detention order.