Administrative System of Union Territories

Union Territory	Executive Head	Legislature	Judiciary (High Court)
Andaman & Nicobar	Lt. Governor	–	Calcutta HC
Chandigarh	Administrator	–	Punjab & Haryana HC
Dadra & Nagar Haveli & Daman & Diu	Administrator	–	Bombay HC
Delhi	Lt. Governor, CM, Council of Ministers	Assembly	Separate HC
Puducherry	Lt. Governor, CM, Council of Ministers	Assembly	Madras HC
Lakshadweep	Administrator	–	Kerala HC
Jammu & Kashmir	Lt. Governor	Assembly	J&K HC
Ladakh	Lt. Governor	–	J&K HC

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Article 2 – Admission or Establishment of New States
Parliament has power to:
Admit new States already in existence.
Establish new States not in existence before.
Article 3 – Formation of New States and Alteration of Areas, Boundaries, or Names
Parliament may by law:
(a) Form a new State
(b) Increase or diminish area of any State
(c) Alter boundaries or name of any State
Conditions:
Bill can be introduced only with prior recommendation of the President.
President must refer the bill to the concerned State Legislature for views (non-binding).

⚠️ Cession of territory to foreign country = Requires Constitutional Amendment (Art. 368)

Boundary dispute settlement = Executive action

Difference between Article 2 & 3

Article	Deals With	Type of Adjustment
2	Admission/establishment of new States	External adjustment
3	Formation/alteration of existing States	Internal adjustment

Article 4 – Supplementary Provisions
Laws made under Articles 2 & 3 are not considered constitutional amendments under Article 368.
Example:
100th Constitutional Amendment Act (2015) – India-Bangladesh Land Boundary Agreement
111 Indian enclaves → Bangladesh
51 Bangladeshi enclaves → India
6.1 km undemarcated border settled
Evolution of Modern Indian States & Union Territories
Integration of Princely States (1947–1950)
At Independence:
British Provinces – directly ruled by British.
Princely States (552) – ruled by native princes.
Options under Indian Independence Act, 1947:
Join India
Join Pakistan
Remain Independent
🔹 By 1949: 549 joined India; remaining 3 integrated later:
Hyderabad – Police Action (Operation Polo)
Junagarh – Referendum
Kashmir – Instrument of Accession
Classification in 1950:

Part	States/UTs	Examples
Part A	9	Bombay, Madras, Punjab
Part B	9	Hyderabad, Mysore, Jammu & Kashmir
Part C	10	Delhi, Coorg, Bhopal
Part D	1	Andaman & Nicobar

Commissions for State Reorganisation
States Reorganisation Act, 1956 & 7th Amendment
Abolished Part A, B, C; created 14 States & 6 UTs.
Basis: Linguistic reorganisation
Major Outcomes:
Kerala = Travancore–Cochin + Malabar + Kasargod
Andhra Pradesh = Andhra + Telangana (Hyderabad part)
Madhya Pradesh = Madhya Bharat + Vindhya + Bhopal
Bombay = Bombay + Saurashtra + Kutch
New UT = Laccadive, Minicoy, Amindivi Islands

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Reorganisation After 1956

Year	State / UT Formed	Details
1960	Maharashtra & Gujarat	Split from Bombay
1961	Dadra & Nagar Haveli	Portuguese rule till 1954
1962	Goa, Daman & Diu; Puducherry	From Portuguese & French territories
1963	Nagaland	From Assam
1966	Haryana, Chandigarh, Himachal	Based on Shah Commission
1972	Manipur, Tripura, Meghalaya	From UTs/sub-states
1975	Sikkim	Became full state (36th CAA)
1987	Mizoram, Arunachal, Goa	Statehood granted
2000	Chhattisgarh, Uttarakhand, Jharkhand	From MP, UP, Bihar
2014	Telangana	From Andhra Pradesh
2019	J&K & Ladakh	J&K Reorganisation Act

Second States Reorganisation (Contemporary)

Need	Merits	Demerits
Rapid population growth	Administrative efficiency	Resource sharing disputes
Cultural/ethnic identity (e.g. Gorkhaland, Bodoland)	Better representation	Political opposition
Regional imbalance	Local empowerment	Economic disruption
Economic backwardness	Social cohesion	Legal challenges

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